BOOKMARK OF THE PRINCIPAL SUBJECTS OF THIS WORK

A

Acheroic poplar, so named after the Acheron, where many poplars grew; Hercules therefore brought them from there to Greece. p. 215

Achilles kept the Myrmidonian soldiers occupied with javelin and discus throwing. p. 310

Acrochirismus, a wrestling with the fingertips. p. 87

Aeneas holds games in honor of Anchises. p. 2. He trains his Trojan heroes in a naval battle. p. 206. 214

Aetha, the horse or mare of Agamemnon, used successfully by Menelaus. p. 146

Aethlius, the first founder of the competitions. p. 11. Possibly to thereby honor and make his market prosperous. p. 12, 13

Agesilaus, king of the Lacedaemonians, allows his sister Cynisca to participate in the Olympic Games, possibly to mock the Greeks. p. 114

Agis, king of the Spartans, mocks the justice of the judges. p. 118

Agones Capitolini, dedicated by Domitian to Jupiter Capitolinus. p. 48

Agonothetae were of lower standing than the Hellanodicae. p. 328. 330. See officials.

Alcibiades despises the Olympic Games due to the worthlessness and lack of training of the participants. p. 76

Alexander was not admitted to the competition until he proved to be an Argive, upon which he was considered a Greek. p. 116. He wants to be called not the son of Philip, but of Jupiter, and wants to be seen and worshiped as a god. p. 477. Anaxarchus joked about it, and Macedonians and others were averse to it, although he also found flatterers. p. 478

Alexius or Alexio, one of the renewers of the competitions. Some say he was the son of Mars, possibly because he was a brave warrior. Father of Oenomaus. p. 15

Alipili, who pulled out the body hair in the gymnasiums. p. 85

Alipta, the anointing master in the gymnasiums. p. 85

Alipterium, the anointing place for those who were to compete or bathe. p. 80

Alulegia, what kind of competition that was. p. 87

Altars, their foundation and decoration with fragrant herbs and spices, sometimes also belonged to the flower decoration. p. 434

Alytarcha was the one who supervised hygiene during the Olympic Games. p. 110

Ambubajae, Syrian courtesans who played instruments, and with whom Nero amused himself. p. 214

Amphitheaters or round theaters. p. 59. That of the city of Saguntum was excellent. p. 59. Consisting of two theaters. p. 62

Andabatae, a certain type of gladiators. p. 252

Androdus, why he was spared by a lion, and the consequences thereof. p. 257

Anise was also used in the food of the athletes. p. 96

Antaeus was very skilled in grabbing his opponent and breaking free, but was defeated by Hercules. p. 291

Antiochus sends a precious curtain to Olympia for Jupiter. p. 9

Antiochus Epiphanes is present at the quinquennial games in Tyre. p. 39. He builds a gymnasium in Jerusalem. p. 40

Antonius, the emperor, wants gladiators to use blunt weapons. p. 105

Antonius and Cleopatra, a shameful wager. p. 178

Apheteria, the starting place of the runners. p. 126

Apodyterium, the dressing room for the athletes or bathers. p. 80

Apollinares, games held in July. p. 74

Apollonius Rhantes, an Alexandrian, was fined for not appearing on the appointed day for the competition, and how he furiously attacked Heraclides about it. p. 351

Apples, or their leaves and fruits, woven into a wreath for the Olympic winners. p. 384

Archias of Hybla, the first of those who were not priests to be allowed to train in the art of public speaking. He won the Pythian Games three times, and a statue was erected for him. p. 356

Arena was called the battlefield, because it was sprinkled with sand, from which it is said in arenam descendere, and the combatants were called arenarii. p. 262

Arimnus, gifts to Jupiter in Olympia. p. 9

Astydamas, an athlete and great eater. p. 94

Atalanta, how she was caught up by Hippomenes with a trick during the running race. p. 141, 142

Athens had Olympic Games, that is, games that imitated the Olympic ones. p. 38. It gave all judges a staff, as a sign that they had to judge justly, as the staff was straight. p. 337. It could not remit the fine to which Callippus was sentenced by the Eleans, and was ordered by Apollo to pay it. p. 348

Athlothetae. p. 110

Atreus, son of Pelops, holds games in honor of his father. p. 19

Auctorati, who they were in the gladiatorial combat. p. 244

Augias, son of Eleus II, others say of Helios, the sun. How Hercules cleaned his stable, and his unfaithfulness was fatal to him. p. 21.

Augustus has Nicopolis built opposite Actium, and institutes quinquennial games in honor of Apollo. p. 45. He forbids women, even the Vestal Virgins, from watching the gladiators. p. 114. He trains his fleet in a naval battle at Baiae. p. 214. He has a lake dug in the Campus Martius to hold naval battles. p. 214. He demands divine honor. p. 474. And so on. After his death, he was deified by Tiberius, with Numerius Atticus testifying that he had seen him ascend to heaven. p. 481.

Autolycus, a great pankratiast, in whose honor a statue was erected in the Prytaneum in Athens. p. 292.

B

Balbis, the starting place of the runners. p. 126.

Balearic Islands, which they were, and how their inhabitants were famous in the art of slinging, from which they also derive their name: therefore there is often talk of the Balearic sling. Children were taught this art from an early age there. p. 311, 312.

Balneum, the bath in the palaestra. p. 81. Included anointing, rubbing, and hair care. p. 91.

Trumpet, its sound was a signal for the runners. p. 127.

Images and statues were erected for the winners in the Olympic field. p. 454. Nero had them destroyed and had a statue of himself erected in gladiator clothing. p. 455. Winners only received busts, but three-time winners were depicted life-size. p. 455, 456. They were erected by the winners themselves, or by their family and friends, and also by entire cities and states. p. 456, 457, 458. They were formerly made of wood, later mostly of bronze. p. 458. They stood in the posture of the winners, sometimes completely naked: also with the beards that resembled those of the winners during the competition. p. 459. At the same time, their horses, wagons, and armor were depicted, and sometimes other details as well. p. 460, 461. Different statues were sometimes erected for one winner. p. 461. The foot of the statue was provided with an inscription. p. 461. What all was in it. p. 462. Also with the names of those who had erected and made it. p. 463.

Beast fight was a competition against elephants, wild boars, leopards, bears, tigers, lions, etc. p. 255. It was sometimes voluntary, for various reasons, as is still the case with the Mogul, and the bullfight in Spain. p. 256. But it was often forced, and sometimes it was the case that the one who defeated the beast kept his life, but sometimes also that he had to fight against others until he was dead. p. 257. If a fighter was killed, a second had to follow, and after a second, a third. p. 258. Different types of fights. p. 259, 260. The latter, who had to fight either against the beasts or against each other until death, were called meridiani. p. 260, 261. Emperor Claudius had a lot of fun with that. p. 262. Sand was sprinkled to absorb the blood and prevent the gladiators from slipping. p. 262. Their blood and bodies were dedicated to the infernal gods: their bodies were burned, buried, or dragged to the spoliarium. p. 263, 264, 265.

Beast hunt was either of beasts on each other, or of people on beasts. p. 266. For this, the theater was sometimes suddenly changed into a forest, and filled with thousands of wild animals. p. 266. Emperor Probus had such a forest built with much effort and cost, and allowed the people to kill the animals. p. 266, 267. It is possible that earlier emperors had already organized such hunts. p. 267. Animal hunts were certainly held earlier, which are extensively described by Oudanus. p. 267-270.

Appeal was possible, in case of objections, from the judges to the Olympic or Elean council and Nomophylaces. p. 352.

Bestiarii, who they were. p. 256, 258, 259. See beast fight.

Officials of the games of different ranks and tasks: were already chosen in advance and instructed by the law guardians. Hospinianus gives a description of them. p. 107. Were called Agonothetae: there was first only one, then two Eleans, then nine, also ten, then twelve. p. 107, 108, 110. See also judges. Also called Brabeutae. p. 110. The day before the competition, they had the registered people gather in one place: they examined whether they all met the requirements. p. 116. What they had to swear to. p. 117. Had to be addressed with all respect and awe, which Nero also observed. p. 124. And had to address the competitors. See also Hellanodicae.

Flower decoration, which the winners received after the coronation, was a sign of honor. This also happened afterwards, especially in the places where they traveled through to their homeland, and when they were received there. Various delicacies were added and strewn. p. 432, 433. Were also organized by the emperors to amuse the people. p. 436.

Messengers of victory to the fathers, friends, people, and homeland of the victors made a quick journey, and covered a great distance in one day, which is why they were also called hemerodromi and dormokerykes. p. 439. Messengers used by Galba were called 'winged' because of their speed. p. 440.

Mayors and aldermen had to organize the games in the Circus, the secular games, and the Apollinarian games. p. 111.

Botularii in the gymnasiums. p. 85.

Builders had to organize the public games. p. 111.

Brabeutae were supervisors at the games, who judged the competitions and handed out the prizes. p. 329. See officials, Hellanodicae.

Letters of recommendation were required for someone who wanted to participate. p. 118. Were not opened before the end of the competition, after the prize-giving, and why. p. 119.

Bustrophedon, a way of writing with reversed lines, like the double run they called diaulos. p. 132. Examples thereof. p. 133.

Bustuarii, what kind of people they were. p. 244.

Copulation had to be avoided by the athletes, and why. p. 99, 100. To curb their lust, they bathed in cold water, and sometimes put lead plates on their loins and kidneys. p. 101. Some think it was not completely avoided. p. 101. Possibly only during and throughout the public games. p. 102.

Byzas of Naxos, co-founder of the temple of Jupiter in Olympia. p. 6.

C

Caestus, gloves that were used in the fistfight, and were first made of single heavy leather or belts wrapped around the hands and arms. p. 226. But later those belts were studded with lead, bronze, or iron knobs. p. 227. Manutius says they resembled ram's horns, but Pollux compares them to acorns. p. 227. This made the competition dangerous and even deadly, which is vividly described by Virgil in the fistfight between Dares and Entellus. p. 228. And so on.

Caligula sprinkled the racetrack with gold dust. p. 111. Had divine honor shown to him. p. 476.

Callippus, an Athenian, deprives his opponents of victory in the pentathlon by bribery. Why he was fined, which the Athenians could not remit, and which Apollo of Delphi ordered him to pay. p. 348. Statues were erected from this for Jupiter. p. 348, 349.

Caracalla bowed to an Agonothet, who was only a stand-in, to avoid blows if he misbehaved in the competitions. p. 336.

Carceres, the starting place from which the horse and chariot racers departed. The rope stretched in front of it was held by a bronze eagle and dolphin. Also customary for the Romans in their Circus. In front of the carceres were two statues of Hermes. p. 128. See also about the carceres, their different types and what they were for. p. 180 ff.

Caricae, the basic food of the athletes, being dried figs, nuts, etc. p. 95.

Carinus, a remarkable location for a naval battle. p. 219.

Carystus, a peasant boy, became a winner in the competition in Olympia. p. 75. And then achieves other victories. p. 75.

Cato is said to have said that the image of the Olympic Games was transferred to Rome. p. 45.

Cavea, what that is: a part of the amphitheater. p. 60.

Celetes, fast horses, whose rider jumped from one to another. p. 147.

Ceres, priestesses were allowed to be spectators at the Olympic Games. p. 114.

Ceroma, what that is. p. 120

Chilo, one of the seven sages of Greece, died of joy when his son became an Olympic winner, and therefore all of Greece followed his corpse. p. 427

Circenses why the games in the Circus were so named. p. 44. Writers, also those of the New Testament, often allude to them. p. 49.

Chariot races in the Circus among the Romans were very similar to the Olympic ones. p. 179. Here too there was a draw for the place and the signal for the start. p. 179, 180.

Circus Clamofus, why so named. p. 186, 187.

Circus Maximus is the theater that Tarquinius Priscus began to build. p. 43, 44. Others say Pompey the Great. p. 44. The usual place of the games; what it looked like. p. 53, 54. Depicted on various coins. p. 54. Extensively described by Oudanus. p. 54-59. Also had cells for prostitution. p. 101.

Claudius is laughed at by the people for his announcement of the secular games. p. 112. His horses, which run on after throwing off the charioteer, maintain the lead and line up in front of the officials, as if they are demanding the prize. p. 150, 399, 400. His location for the naval battle was Lake Fucinus. p. 215.

Cleopatra. See Antonius.

Bookmark - p. 14

Cleosthenes of Epidamnus, winner in the competition, had statues erected of himself, his horses, and reserve horses, and his charioteer. p. 460

Clythenes of Sicyon was the first to only tie the middle horses under the yoke, and attach one on each side with a rope. p. 160, 161

Codeta minor, a field on the Tiber, where Julius Caesar had a lake dug for the naval battle. p. 214

Coliphium, a food of the athletes. p. 95. What it consisted of, and why it was so named. p. 96

Commodus had such a steady hand that he hit with a spear or arrow wherever he aimed. p. 311

Compitalia, games held in December. p. 74

Conisterium, the place where the oiled people were sprinkled with dust. p. 80. The dust was also kept there. p. 120

Consualia, games celebrated in September. p. 74

Consus is Neptune. Running competitions instituted in his honor by Romulus. p. 43

Coroebus, an Elean cook. After him the Olympic Games received new luster. He won the running race. The competition was then fixed every four years. p. 30. His name as the first winner was brought up from his grave. p. 33

Coriceum, the dressing room of the athletes or bathers. p. 80

Crupellarii, a nickname for the gladiators. p. 139

Crustularii, who they were. p. 85

Cynisca, sister of Agesilaus, participates in the competition, gets on the chariot and receives the prize. p. 114

Cynisca, gifts sent to Olympia. p. 9. Her statue as a winner with the two-horse chariot. p. 148

Cypselus sends a golden statue to Jupiter in Olympia, in addition to other valuables. p. 8

D

Dactyli, who they were. p. 17.

Damiscus, a boy of twelve, achieved several victories and crowns. p. 407

Dares, a fistfighter, at the beginning of the competition, swings his arms in the air with much flourish. p. 104

Sword fighting of the Romans is extensively discussed by Godwin. p. 242. And so on. It was considered a gift by some. p. 243. Prisoners and escaped slaves were forced to do it: later, free citizens, and even nobles, dared to do it. p. 244. The manner of this bloody spectacle described. p. 245. And so on. Weapons, either lusoria and exercitoria, or also decretoria tela. p. 245, 246. The crown of the winners was made of palm leaves, which were wrapped with woolen ribbons. p. 248. The people could spare the fighters or let them continue fighting, the sign of which was given. p. 252, 253. A sign of a challenge was a wink of the little finger. p. 253

Desultores or desultorii, the Romans called the fast horses, whose rider jumped onto the other at a full gallop, 'jumping horses'. p. 147.

Detractio, a game in which Milo was a grandmaster. p. 88

Doorkeepers in the gymnasium. p. 85

Diagoras of Rhodes was so happy when he saw three sons win in the competitions that he wished to die, and died immediately. p. 417, 428.

Diathetae. p. 110

Diaulodromi, named after diaulos, made a double round through the arena, and immediately back. This is compared to the writing style βουστροφηδὸν. p. 131, 132

Dielcystinda, a game for boys. p. 88

Dimacharii, a certain type of gladiators. p. 252

Diotimus, a grandmaster in the gymnasiums. p. 84

Discus, the competition was one of the five famous ones. p. 88. Discus and solos, how they are distinguished by some: what the discus looked like and of what material it was. p. 304, 305

Dolichodromi, named after dolichos, ran a long distance. Some say it was once as long as the stadium, the single round. Others determine it to be 4, 6, 12, 24 stadia. p. 134-136. It is possible that they then ran back and forth multiple times. p. 136. Whether such runners were therefore called periodonicae is understood differently. Why those repetitions were devised. p. 137. The lesser repetitions possibly belonged to the running race on foot, the multiple ones to the horse and chariot races. p. 137

Domitianus makes a large lake by the Tiber, where he has the naval battle carried out with almost complete fleets. p. 218. In his private life in Alba, he hits and kills 100 wild animals with a spear. p. 311. He has himself worshiped as a god, and when he wrote a letter in the name of his servants, he began with: "Our lord and god commands that it be done so". p. 477. He had flatterers who supported him in this, including Martial. p. 479

Dorieus, besides Olympic crowns, won eight Isthmian, seven Nemean, and also a Pythian crown. p. 408

Dos or dosis, a first reward of the Olympic winners, but small, which is why it was also considered an alms by the Romans. p. 488

Dry food was given to the athletes as a meal. p. 96

Duillius, who had successfully fought a naval battle against the Carthaginians, was the first Roman to be given a triumphal procession for it. p. 449

E

Honor and advantage of the crown were diverse. 1. Name of a sacred and Olympic winner. 2. Acclamation of friends and fellow countrymen. p. 427, 428. 3. A tour of the arena in triumphal clothing and splendid robes. p. 429. 4. Acclamation and praise from everyone. p. 430. 5. Attention. p. 431. 6. Sprinkling with flowers, leaves, etc. p. 432. 7. Poems and songs in their honor. p. 436. 8. Announcement by fast messengers of who the winner was. p. 438. 9. Announcement to the city and state from which the winner came. p. 440. 10. A retrieval trip by the countrymen, with much splendor and cheering, also through openings made in the city walls. p. 445. 11. Showing thereby that such a citizen is stronger than any city wall. p. 447. 12. Entry on a chariot with white horses. p. 447. 13. A procession that accompanied him in the same way. p. 447. 14. Loud acclamations. 15. With flutes, trumpets, clarions, etc. 16. Also with torches. p. 448. 17. Names and victories of the winners were recorded in the Olympic book. p. 453. 18. From their victories, especially the winners' list, the Olympic time reckoning was derived. p. 454. 19. Proud images and statues were erected for the winner in the Olympic field. p. 454. And so on. 20. Perpetuation of the winner through the aforementioned honors. p. 465. 21. Divinity and godlikeness were attributed to the game winners. p. 466. See also privileges.

Honest people were only admitted to the games. p. 117

Legitimate people were only admitted to the games. p. 116

Eleothesium, the anointing place. p. 82

Eleus, one of the founders of the games. p. 20

Eleans, a country rich in precious byssus. p. 12

Elis, restored to honor by Oxylus, and the right to the games returned. p. 24

Endymion, son of Aethlius and Protogenia, gives the games new splendor, by having his three sons hold a running race for the succession in the kingdom. p. 13

Ephebeum, the training place of the young men etc. p. 80, 82

Epimeletae. p. 110

Erichthonius either invented the chariots to cover his snake feet, or rather to harness four horses to a chariot and hold a race with them. p. 146

Essedarii, a certain type of gladiators. p. 252

Evadorus, a master in the gymnasiums. p. 84

Euangeus of Tarentum was punished on the spot by the Mastigophoroi for his insolence, and left the stage crying and with bleeding legs. p. 336

Eubates did not want to consummate his marriage with Lysis until after the competition. p. 100.

Eupolus, a Thessalian, was locked in the treasury by the Eleans, along with those who had received the money, for bribing fellow players, and statues were made of this for a reminder. p. 347, 348

Euprepes, the famous charioteer, won 782 crowns. p. 408.

Euripides was famous for making victory songs for the winners. p. 438

Euthymus of Locri was deified during his life for his heroic deeds. p. 471. 474.

Exercitatio, what was specifically meant by that. p. 88

F

Factions were formed by the charioteers, the white and the red, because they wore two different colors of clothing. Another calls them green and blue. p. 168. When they originated is uncertain, also when two more were added. p. 169. What this quartet referred to. p. 169, 170. Domitian adds two more. p. 170. The factions were eventually destroyed. p. 171. The preference of the spectators was different according to the different colors. p. 171. The sea people were for the blue color, the country people for the green. p. 172, 173. Preference of Caligula etc. p. 173, 174. How this preference expressed itself. p. 174-178.

Torches were used for the entry of the Olympic winners into their city, especially if it took place in the evening, and for the escort to or from the feast. p. 448. Also used in honor of victorious naval heroes, generals, kings, when they were received with a triumphal procession. p. 448. And so on. In Rome, it was a privilege of deserving men to be escorted home with more than ordinary pomp by burning torches, if they had been guests somewhere in the evening. p. 450.

Familiae were called the ...

Bookmark - p. 20

... students in the gladiator schools. p. 253

Ferrati were the gladiators called. p. 139

Fiscals accused those who did not comply with the rules of the game, and committed fraud and collusion. p. 347

Floralia were games held in May. p. 74

Funales or funarii were the two side horses in the four-horse teams called. p. 160

G

Poems and songs were made and sung in honor of the Olympic winners, and excellent poets were appointed for this. p. 436

Doctors had to be present at the chariot races in the Circus, to help the wounded. p. 200

Gestatio, what kind of game that was. p. 89

Gesticulatio, what that was. p. 90

Gladiatio, the sword fight. p. 89

Gladiators of the Romans fought with sharp weapons, but that was forbidden by Emperor Antoninus. p. 105. They fought naked, but with a belt around the private parts. p. 119.

Gladiatura. See sword fighting.

Glaucus received, besides the Olympic crown, two Pythian, and eight Nemean and Isthmian crowns. p. 408

Gods, why they were involved in the institution of the games. p. 11

Divinity and godlikeness were attributed to the game winners, and they were called θεοὶ and coelestes. p. 467. They were worshiped as gods themselves. p. 468. Usually when they had died, and were then called divi. p. 469. And so on. But also sometimes during their lives. p. 471

Greeks were only admitted to the games. p. 116. Crupellarii and ferrati, why so named. p. 139

Greece imitated the Olympic Games in various places. p. 38. These were considered small Olympic Games. p. 38

Gymnasia or gymnasiums were built. p. 76. See gymnasiums.

Gymnasiarchs or sports teachers were provided with sticks and rods and hit the students hard if they misbehaved. p. 84. 336

Gymnastorium, the dressing room of the athletes or bathers. p. 80.

Gymnastes, who they were in the gymnasiums, also called progymnastes or protogymnastes. p. 84, 85

H

Halteres, or halter sport. p. 89. Was a kind of throwing game, with which one also jumped, or which one held as weights in the hands to jump, and also hand weapons to hit. The shape of these halters described. p. 313, 314

Haphe, what that is. p. 120, 121

Heliogabalus sprinkled the racetrack with gold filings. p. 111. He had the arena for the naval battle filled with pure wine and had entire fleets sail and fight in it. p. 220

Hellanodicae were chosen ten months in advance, installed and instructed, which was necessary. p. 107. They sent envoys to the Greek states to announce the games. p. 111. They seem to have been so named because they were appointed from all Greek states that had joined the Elean alliance. They were later only chosen from the Eleans. p. 328. They took on the organization and management of the games, but had the work carried out by lower officials, who were called Agonothetae and Athlothetae. p. 328. They divided themselves to supervise these and other games, to judge, and to hand out prizes. p. 329. They were very distinguished; because they came from the great people of the country, and were themselves princes and kings. p. 329, 330. They sat at the right hand of the Agonothetae on the plethrium opposite the altar. p. 330, 331. They were beautifully dressed, namely in purple, and with a crown on their head. p. 331-333. They also had staffs in their hands. p. 334. And so on. See staffs. They punished athletes who misbehaved. p. 335, 336. Why they were very feared and respected, even by great princes. p. 336. They were considered the present gods of the games. p. 339, 340. Why it was necessary for them to judge the victory, and to whom the prize was due. p. 345. They examined whether those who seemed to be winning had complied with the oath and had fought according to the rules, whether they had really won, or whether they had used fraud and tricks. p. 346. They punished those who engaged in collusion and bribery of fellow players. p. 347-350. Also those who did not appear on the correct day, if they had registered. p. 351. Also for cowardice. p. 352. They declared the winner, and thus gave him the right to the prize, which he then received. Some ceremonies were seen here. p. 353. They also handed out second and third prizes. p. 354. Also more than one prize to the winner in different parts. p. 354

Hercules or Heracles, either the first to institute the games and the first to participate in them. p. 11. Hercules of Ida, one of the founders of the games. p. 16. How old he was. p. 16. It is possible that he is Pelops. p. 17. Why he was called Hercules. p. 17.

Hercules cleans the stable of Augias in one day, whom he kills for unfaithfulness. p. 21, 22, 23.

Hercules, son of Amphitryon, of Tiryns, perhaps Alcides and nephew of Pelops. p. 21. When he lived, and his great deeds. p. 21, 22. His games, on what occasion they took place. p. 23. He overcomes and kills Antaeus. p. 291. From afar, he hits the horse-man Nessus, the flying deer, and the gruesome harpies with a spear. p. 311.

Hermulae, that is, Mercury statues, there were two in front of the carceres, who stretched a rope in front of the doors, which, when it fell, was a sign that the horse and chariot racers had to depart. p. 128, 129. 183, 184.

Herodes Agrippa founds a theater and an amphitheater etc. in Berytus by holding games. He renews the games in Caesarea. His pride and the divine punishment for it. p. 42, 43

Herod the Great, to please Augustus, introduces gymnasiums and games in Judea. p. 40, 41. He builds Caesarea in honor of Augustus, and there an amphitheater and games. p. 41. He also provides other cities with them. He supports the Olympic Games of the Greeks with an annual income. p. 42

Hair anointers in the gymnasiums, who they were. p. 85

Hieronicae, sacred-game-winners, was a title of honor that the public speakers used for those who had won. p. 360

Hippodame or Hippodamia was offered as a prize with the crown for the winner, and won by Pelops. p. 15

Hippomenes, how he caught up with the fast Atalanta with a trick. p. 141, 142

Hirpinus, a Samnite horse, famous for its speed. p. 203

Qualities that were required in the athletes. 1. Whether they were Greeks. 2. Whether they were legitimate. 3. Whether they were free. 4. Whether they were honest and virtuous people. 5. Whether they were adults. 6. Whether they had trained for ten months, and had followed the instructions scrupulously for thirty days, etc. 7. Whether they would hold the games according to the rules, without fraud. p. 117

Brothels near the gymnasiums and competition locations, also in the vicinity of the Circus Maximus. p. 101

Hoplomachi, a type of gladiators. p. 251

Hoplomachia, what kind of game that was. p. 89

Hysplenx was the starting gate that fell as a signal for the runners. p. 127

I

Iccus of Tarentum, a grandmaster in the gymnasiums. p. 84. How he behaved with regard to the dietary rules and abstinence from sex. p. 100

Ida, two different places. p. 16.

Iolaus, companion and servant of Hercules, wins the chariot race with the mares of his master. p. 146

Iphitus, restorer of the games, is not the son of Nauplius, but a descendant of Oxylus and Hercules, and son of Haemon. p. 25. His age, or at the same time as Lycurgus. p. 26, 27. The disk of Iphitus was used to announce the ceasefire. p. 112

J

Jewish land, the Olympic Games were also held there. p. 39

Jugales or jugarii were the horses that were attached in the middle to the pole under the yoke in the four-horse teams. p. 160

Julius Caesar had a lake dug for the naval battle, which the Senate had filled in again after his death. p. 214, 215. He had his heroic and special horse get a statue in front of the temple of Venus Genetrix. p. 460. He was placed among the gods by Augustus, games were dedicated to him, at which a hairy star appeared, as a star is later depicted on his image. p. 481

Julius Proculus, testimony of the deification of Romulus, and that he was called Quirinus in heaven. p. 481

Jupiter, who he was, and why he was called Olympius. He gives his name to the Olympic field. p. 4, 5. Possibly instituted by himself. He had an oracle there; proud temples and a statue. p. 6. By whom and how that was made. p. 6, 7. Another statue and gifts there. p. 8, 9. Whether he first fought with Saturn or Hercules. p. 11. He is called 'fly driver', and why. p. 115. Hercules is said to have first offered to him as such. For this offering, white poplar wood had to be used. p. 115. One swore to Jupiter Horcius on the testicles of a pig. p. 117

K

Gaius Curio, a wonderful theater. p. 71, 72

Kerykes. See public speakers.

Childhood had to be over for those who participated in the games. p. 117

Kings were reminded by their staff that they were shepherds of the peoples. p. 334

Rope climbing or rope dancing, one of the games. p. 89

... provided the wood for the olive wreath. p. 387, 388. And this was a wild olive tree, which was therefore called καλλιστέφανος, beautiful, suitable for crowns. p. 389. Also κάλλιστος, beautiful olive tree. This olive wreath was also called holy. p. 390. It was formerly not in Elis, let alone near Olympia, but was first planted there by Hercules, and further cultivated by Iphitus into a large forest. p. 391, 392, 393.

War crowns were very different and of different materials and shapes. p. 393-395

Crowns that were given to the Olympic winners, where they originally came from. p. 14. Crowns of palm leaves were given to the winners of the gladiatorial combat. p. 248. They were also an ornament of the game officials. p. 332, 335. They were not allowed to be given to the winners against the will or without the permission of the officials. p. 335. They were formerly round wreaths, made of different materials, but in the games they were made of branches or leaves, different depending on the games. p. 383, 384. See apple, olive, kotinos. The manner of making was probably the same as with the triumphal or victory crowns of generals. p. 395. The place where the crowns lay was in particular at or in the raised area where the Hellanodicae were located: they lay there on raised tripods and their discs, also in the middle, or at the end of the arena. p. 306. The crowns were also sometimes hung from a raised area, so that they were more visible, and would arouse more desire, fire, and enthusiasm in the athletes. p. 308. Several were given, depending on the different games and winners. Some won more than one crown in the same Olympiad: they also received an entire collection of crowns in different Olympic and other games, which is why they were called periodonikai. Various examples thereof. p. 406, 407, 408.

Bookmark - p. 25

Nero strove for vain honor with many crowns, also from smaller games. p. 408, 409. Winning a single crown from the Olympic Games was enough to make someone famous. p. 410. Honor and advantages associated with the crown, see honor. The winners received golden and bronze crowns. p. 488

L

Lacedaemonians, accused by the Eleans of violating the ceasefire during the Olympic Games, and how they defended themselves. p. 112

Lamistae were the teachers in the gladiator schools called. p. 253

Laquearii, a certain type of gladiators. p. 252

Life struggle was necessary for the training of the athletes. p. 93. And so on. This included abundant eating. p. 93. Furthermore, abstinence, sobriety, toughness. p. 97

Libarii, who they were. p. 85

Libas, founder of the temple of Jupiter in Olympia. p. 6

Lichas, the Spartan, why he was beaten. p. 335

Linea or linea alba, a name for the starting place of the runners. p. 126

Running, one of the parts of the pentathlon, and was the short or the long distance. p. 318. Who was declared the winner in it. p. 319

Running horses were used 1. to race with mounted and armed riders. 2. To serve as jumping horses. 3. To be harnessed to the chariots. p. 158, 159

Lottery, to be divided into pairs against each other in running, fist fighting, wrestling, etc.: also for the place of the runners and charioteers, which was of great importance. p. 122. Faber and Paschalius describe the way of drawing lots. p. 123. It also happened with the charioteers. p. 153

Lucta, one of the famous competitions. p. 89. 275

Luctatores. p. 275

Lustrum was of five full years, but the Julian lustrum also became four years. p. 32

Lycurgus, a partner of Iphitus in instituting the games. p. 26, 27.

Bookmark - p. 26

He forbade the deadly fistfights to the Spartans, but probably allowed the softer caestus, which caused no wounds. p. 238

M

Macron, Spartan, a sling weapon. p. 89

Manus arcta compressio, a game in which Milo was a grandmaster. p. 89

Mappa, a white cloth, was thrown by the referee, or someone from the officials, as a sign that the chains should be released and the horses should be let go to depart. p. 184. Therefore, the entire race was also called mappa. p. 185

Mastigophori were like stick servants, who carried out punishment on insolent athletes. p. 334, 335.

Mediastini, servants who swept the floor and did other work. p. 85

Menelaus wins with the help of Agamemnon's horse or mare, harnessed to the chariot together with his own horse. p. 146

Market of Olympia traded in animals and byssus. p. 12.

Mercury was called the present god of the games; that name was also given to the presiding judge, who was considered to take his place. p. 340. He was usually depicted with wings on his hat, heels, and a staff of peace, because of his speed as a messenger. p. 440

Meridiani, who they were. p. 261

Fattening of the athletes, to get heavy bodies, was especially for the fistfighters and wrestlers. p. 93. It was harmful in other parts. p. 94. It was done with dried figs, nuts, etc. later also meat, namely goat meat, pig testicles, usually beef and pork: some say especially from the hindquarters. p. 95. Why their food was called coliphium. p. 96. Anise was also added to it. Why it was called dry food. p. 96. Gluttony of these fattening pigs. p. 96, 97. This fattening also had its limitations. p. 98

Bookmark - p. 27

Meta, where the runners ran to, was a white line, or solid stones, or pointed poles. Whoever hit it first had won from his competitors. p. 131. In the Circus there were first metae, which were called murciae, and second metae, which were also the last, although some also call a middle meta. p. 190. One had to go around the last one, and return to the first one. p. 190

Milo, a grandmaster in the games detractio and manus arcta compressio. p. 88, 89. A great eater. p. 94. 97

Missilia were called by the Latins the things that were strewn for incoming princes, or also winners in the games. p. 435

Missio, what that was among the Romans. p. 249

Missus is called by the Latins every round of the chariots. p. 181. How many there were. p. 196-199

Mogul. Among them, the shortest way to prestige and high offices would be voluntary beast fighting. p. 256, 257

Monimerium, what that was, is doubtful. p. 269

Moratores were those who caught the horses in case of a chariot breaking or runaway horses at the chariot races. p. 200, 201

Mules and donkeys were also used for the chariot races. p. 152, 153

Munerarii were called by the Romans those who gave free access to the gladiatorial games. p. 243

Murciae were the first metae called, and also Venus Murcia was so named. p. 190

Myrmillones, a type of gladiators. p. 251

N

Nudity of the Olympic athletes kept the women away, according to the laws. p. 113

Names of the prize givers and crowned winners were recorded in statues, inscriptions, books. p. 31. Many have been lost due to age and disasters. p. 32. Some are from ancient remains, rumors, or taken from elsewhere. p. 33. The ordering and collecting of names began late, and it is uncertain who was the first to start it. p. 34. Marsham's story about this. p. 34, 35, 36. Names of the Olympic athletes were recorded, just like those of the gladiators in Rome. p. 115

Navigation, the naval battle game. p. 91

Naumachia. See naval battle.

Nero strives to bring the Greek games to prosperity in Rome. p. 45. He searches in vain for the hidden treasures of Dido. p. 46. He institutes games that he calls Neroniana, etc. He wants to be called the Pythian and Actian Apollo himself. He travels to Greece, and participates in all competitions there. p. 46. He violates their laws and customs. He adds musical competitions to them. He has all the games take place in one year. He is declared the winner. He has all the statues of the winners overthrown, with contempt, but gives privileges to that province. He rides into Rome as an Olympic winner with much splendor and pomp. p. 47, 48. His incomparable baths. p. 79. He sprinkled the racetrack with gold dust. p. 111. He invites the Vestal Virgins to come and watch the games. p. 114. He has dust brought in instead of sand. p. 120. He respects the judges. p. 124. He institutes ten-horse teams, falls out of the chariot, and is still crowned. p. 148. His amusement with the ambubajae. p. 214. He has sea monsters swim in the water that he had brought in from the sea for the naval battle, and quickly changes that place into a theater to hold a costly feast there. p. 217. He gives bribes to the Agonothetae and Mastigophoroi. p. 336. He was not a winner in the chariot race, but still got the crown for a large payment. p. 344, 345. His vain ambition to acquire many crowns, also from smaller games. p. 408, 409. He was, as an Olympic winner, returning from Greece to Naples and Rome, honored with the strewing of flowers, saffron, and other delicacies. p. 434. He suddenly has his victory in Olympia announced in Gades, and orders sacrifices to be made for the fortunate...

Bookmark - p. 28

Nero (continued) ... to sacrifice things. p. 439. His beautiful entry. p. 448. Flatterers who worshiped him as a god. p. 479

Nomophylaces instructed the officials about all the tasks of the games, and why that took as long as ten months. p. 107. One could appeal to them against the judges, in case of objections. p. 352

O

Training of the athletes in preparation consisted of abstinence, hitting, wrestling, running in sand, etc. for at least a few months, and the thirty training days of the preliminary rounds: also shadow boxing with arms and legs. p. 102

Gymnasiums were instituted. p. 76. The most important were public. p. 77. Such a school in Elis, called the Old, and described by Pausanias. p. 77, 78. Gymnasiums of the Spartans and Athenians. p. 78. Of the Corinthians. p. 79. Also adopted by the Romans, who usually called them palaestrae, and which were more beautiful and luxurious than those of the Greeks. p. 79. Parts of the gymnasiums. p. 80. And so on. Statues of gods there. p. 83

Competitions of the Greeks, what they were. p. 3. Olympic the most important. The time reckoning is derived from them. They were very useful. p. 3. Why they were so named. p. 4

Oenomaus, son of Alexius, king of Elis and Pisa, offers his daughter Hippodamia as a prize with the crown for whoever would defeat him in the chariot race, and the outcome of that. p. 15. 146

Olive wreath was given to the Olympic winners. How it can be explained that Daicles would have been the first to be crowned with it, while others name others. p. 385-387. The material was taken from the tree that was called kotinos. p. 388. See kotinos.

Olympia, a plain, where it was located. Under the power of the Eleans, although on the territory of the Pisans. The latter also held games there. Why Olympia was so named. p. 4. What that plain looked like, formerly called Altis. p. 53. What works of art and decorations were found there.

Bookmark - p. 30

... were found there. p. 53

Olympiads included four years. p. 30. Used as a standard for time reckoning and history. This time reckoning must be considered reliable and durable. p. 31. But was not entirely certain in the beginning. p. 32

Olympionicae, Olympic-game-winners, was a title of honor with which the public speakers greeted the winners. p. 360

Olympic Games, first founders or participants. Gods were involved, and why. p. 11. Aethlius is mentioned as the first founder: possibly to make the market days profitable. p. 12. After him Apius or Endymion. p. 13. Then Pisus or Oenomaus. p. 15. The Idaean Hercules. p. 16. Atreus is also mentioned. p. 19. Eleus. p. 20. Augeas and after him Hercules, also called Alcides. p. 21. Oxylus. p. 23. After a long time restarted by Iphitus. p. 25. Imitated by the Athenians and other Greeks. p. 37, 38. Also by other peoples, such as in Sicily etc. and especially in Rome. p. 39-50. In what time of the year they were held. p. 73

Olympic athletes, names were recorded at the Olympic Games, possibly also announced and posted. They also had to register their origin and homeland: also what part they intended to participate in. p. 115. Those who had so registered were not allowed to stay away. p. 116

Olympus, heaven, is also used for God himself. p. 5

Bribery of fellow players to win the prize, was severely punished, of which there are examples. p. 347-349

Tour of the arena was an honor for the winner, but it was the greatest shame to be toured through a theater because of mistakes one had made. p. 429

Abstinence from food was necessary for some athletes. p. 99. It was accompanied by staying awake, and with abstinence from sex. p. 99-102

Hoplodromi, armed runners. Their armor was called ὅπλισις. p. 137. Instituted in the 65th Olympiad. p. 138. What their weapons were. p. 138-140. This competition was abolished. p. 139, 140

Orsippus loses his belt, and ...

Bookmark - p. 31

... dies of grief. p. 113

Oscillae, what that was. p. 89

Oven stokers in the gymnasium. p. 85

The winner received the prize, and had to be officially appointed as such by the judges. p. 326. He did not win for himself, but for his city or country. p. 359. He ran with great speed to the place where the crowns lay. p. 399, 400. He stretched out to grab the crown. p. 401, 402. The crown was placed on him, either by the judges themselves, or by the public speakers. p. 403-405. Their names and victories were recorded in the Olympic book, and from this the Olympic time reckoning was derived. p. 453, 454. See honor, statues, etc.

Oxylus, an important promoter of the games. He brings them back to Elis. He becomes king. His age. p. 24

P

Horse and chariot races, what they were called by the Greeks and Romans. p. 145. A very old custom. p. 146. The Romans imitated the Greeks in this. p. 157. Instituted by Romulus in honor of Consus, that is, Neptune, to attract the Sabine women. p. 159. Later, those games were held in honor of Apollo, Luna, Ceres, and the spirits. p. 159

Horses that were trained were considered the best and most successful by the Ancients in the games. p. 146. They also used fast horses, which were called celĕtes and desultorii. p. 147. Enthusiasts spared the horses hard work, and trained them for the races: they also gave them beautiful names, either after their color, or speed, or origin, or after a marking they had. p. 149. Those horses knew all the tricks of the race, and did everything with skill. p. 149. They did win the prize for their masters, only with a charioteer. p. 149, 150. They knew how to turn around the metae without a charioteer, and to appear as winners in front of the officials, as if they were demanding the prize. p. 150.

Bookmark - p. 32

They were therefore also made a part of the fame and the prize of the victory. p. 151. They received an honorable burial. p. 151. Their feed was taken care of from the state supply. They were attributed with almost human intelligence. p. 152. They were referred to by high-flown names. p. 152. Two types of horses in the Circus, namely show horses and race horses. p. 157, 158. How they were set up for the four-horse teams, namely side by side: the middle ones were called jugales or jugarii, the side horses funales or funarii. p. 160. The weakest horses were coupled in the middle to the yoke, the strongest on the sides, and the best of the two on the left side, and why. p. 161. Some names of such left horses are mentioned, and extensively described. p. 162. And so on. Also all four were mentioned. p. 166. Several of such horses are known by name among the later Romans. p. 167

Paedotribae, who they were in the gymnasiums. p. 85

Palaestra, what was actually so named. p. 80. 277, 278. See gymnasiums.

Palma lemniscata, what that was. p. 248

Palm wreaths, why they were given to the winners of the gladiatorial combat. p. 248

Palm branches were given to the Olympic winners as a sign of victory. p. 370. These were the branches with their fruits or dates. Their victory was called φοινικὶς. p. 371, 372. These palm branches were displayed in the racetrack. p. 375. They stood as if coming out of a discus, a bowl-shaped pot. p. 375. Origin of this custom of giving the winner a palm branch. p. 377. The reason for it examined. p. 378, 379

Pammachium, the same as pancratium.

Pancarpum or pancarpus, what that was, is understood differently. p. 270-274

Pancratium was a competition that consisted of fistfighting and wrestling. p. 288, 289. It came into use later, namely around the 32nd Olympiad. p. 289. Volutatorium is probably the same. p. 290. How it...

Bookmark - p. 33

... was practiced. p. 290, 291. It became just as famous as any other part. p. 292. Also practiced by the daughters of Sparta. p. 292. But this competition was in disrepute with some, as was usually the case with the Greek sages, and why. p. 293. The volutarium is the same as the lucta super pavimento. p. 293

Pantheon in Rome, one formerly climbed it with stairs, and now one descends it with stairs. p. 64

Paradoxonikae or wonderful winners were called those who won in all four Greek games. p. 361

Paragandae, what that was, is doubtful. p. 368. They may have been linae paragandae, garments decorated with palms and flowers, made of linen, with a white background, but as if painted by the woven-in palms and flowers. p. 370

Pater familias was called the master in the gladiator schools. p. 53

Patroclus, funeral games. p. 2

Peloponnese, named after Pelops. p. 18

Pelops, a trick to win Hippodamia. p. 15, 16. Son of Tantalus, king of Phrygia. p. 17. Also actually called Hercules, as the son of someone who was worshiped as the Phrygian Jupiter. p. 17. Conquers Elis, and other countries, renews the Olympic Games, which he dedicated to his father. Fable of the bones of Pelops. p. 18, 19

Penelope, games for her suitors. p. 2

Pentathlum. See pentathlon.

Periodonicae, so named either because of their running back and forth and circling, or because they had achieved victory everywhere in all the games. p. 137. 361

Pertinax, the horse of Commodus, which won without a charioteer, and was therefore highly valued by the emperor. p. 151

Petaurum, what that was. p. 89

Pherenice, in men's clothes, brings her son Pisidorus to the competition, and pretends to be a trainer. When her son wins, she throws off her clothes, and ends up in the space of the officials. p. 113. How she escaped punishment, and received permission to be present at the competition at every Olympiad. p. 114. Because of her trick...

Bookmark - p. 35

Pherenice (continued) ... it was henceforth determined that the trainers had to appear naked. p. 331

Phidola. Her mare, which had lost the charioteer, turns herself at the meta, wins, and lines up in front of the officials, as if she is demanding the prize. p. 150. He had a statue erected for it. p. 151. 460

Philammon, who could not immediately prove his true origin, and would therefore be excluded from the competition, was nevertheless admitted because Aristotle testified for him and recognized him as his son. p. 116

Phlegon of Tralles, his book about the Olympiads has only been partially preserved. p. 36

Phonascia and phonasci. p. 90

Phyrrhus, an Athenian prince, was a famous pankratiast. p. 292

Phthias achieved, in different games, and at different places and times, as many as four hundred crowns. p. 408

Phidias, maker of the statue of Jupiter in Olympia. p. 7. Whether it was in proportion. p. 7, 8

Pilamalleus, a game in which the ball was hit with wooden hammers. p. 87

Pileus, the hat, a sign of which. p. 249

Pilicrepi or pedicrepi, who they were in the gymnasiums. p. 85

Pindar (who left behind many victory songs about Olympic winners) is considered the best lyre poet, inimitable. p. 436

Piscatio, an exercise. p. 91

Pisus, one of the great organizers of the Olympic Games, possibly from the house of Nestor, and king of Elis and builder of Pisa. p. 14

Plethrisatio and plethrum, what that was. p. 90

Plethrium was the secluded seat of the judges, beautiful, both because of the art of making it and because it was considered a sanctuary and a refuge, and because it was directly opposite the altar. p. 331

Poplar grew a lot by the river Acheron. p. 115

Porticus or galleries of the gymnasiums, living places of the teachers. p. 80

Posts were said to have a feather or wing on their head, to depict their speed. p. 440

Praecones of the Romans announced the approach of the secular games. p. 111, 112

Priestess of the Chamonian Ceres was the only one who was allowed to watch the competition of naked men. p. 331. Priests and priestesses were crowned with olive wreaths, bandages, etc. p. 333, 334

Prizes of the Olympic Games were displayed on tripods or tables, or hung up to encourage the athletes. p. 326. They were smaller and larger, the first as preliminary announcements. p. 365. Those were: 1. a white voting stone. 2. Robes or cloaks. 3. A palm branch. To which 4. was added the exhortation or encouragement to applaud and cheer for the winner. 5. The applause of the entire people. 6. The sprinkling with leaves and flowers. p. 366-381. The main prize was the crown. p. 383. And so on. Also second and third for the nearest winners. p. 410, 411. Also a fourth and fifth were added. p. 415. And so on. The prize of a fading wreath was mocked by some, but answered by Solon. p. 422. And by Tertullian. p. 424.

Proculus. See Julius.

Propnigeum or praefurnium. p. 82

Provocatores, a certain type of gladiators. p. 251

Pugillatus, one of the five Olympic parts. p. 88. See fistfight.

Purple, clothing of kings, was also used by those who, as officials, were in charge of the games. p. 332

Purple trade flourished in the Peloponnese. p. 12

Pyrrhus, a famous master in the gymnasiums, possibly the originator of the pyrrhichia, an armed dance. p. 84, 90

Pytilizzatio, what kind of game that was. p. 90.

Q

Quinquertium. See pentathlon.

R

Rapina was called the plundering of the things that the emperors handed out for the amusement of the people. p. 435

Justice, the staffs of the game officials were straight, to remind them that they had to judge justly and impartially, etc. p. 337

Running had the oldest rights among the Olympic parts. p. 125. This was restored by Iphitus for everyone. Other parts were considered additions. p. 126. Runners were called out by the voice of the public speaker. The distinction between the call in the early morning and that in the afternoon. p. 126. See also runners.

Retiarii, a type of gladiators. p. 250

Rhabdophori were the under-Agonothetae, by whom the Hellanodicae punished the insolent athletes. p. 334

Judges in the Olympic Games were bound by an oath to judge according to their honor and conscience: they sat in the plethrium. p. 108. What kind of people were chosen: they seem to have been dressed in purple or crowned, with a staff in their hand. They gave the crown to the one who deserved it. They had different names. They were highly praised for their impartiality and justice, which Agis mocks. p. 118. They were usually the princes who organized the games. Thus undoubtedly the old kings of Elis, and at the reintroduction of the games Iphitus and his followers. At the Roman games, the emperor presided, as often as he wanted: or one or more others were chosen. p. 327. See game masters.

Judges who deliberated and passed sentence received staffs because they had to judge justly. p. 337

Judges in the games had to swear beforehand on the testicles of a pig to Jupiter Horcius that they would judge justly. p. 341, 342. They were suspected of forgetting the oath or of partiality. p. 343. Especially with favoring fellow citizens and disadvantaging foreigners. p. 343, 344. How this was prevented. p. 344

State assemblies were accompanied by games. p. 2

Risus, one of the games. p. 90

Public speakers announced the judgment of the game judges, and were not despicable people, nor was their work despicable, because they formerly came from the victimarri, who sang in turns on the altar in Altis, and trained themselves in this work. p. 355, 356. And later also people of standing, who also had to lead a blameless life. p. 356. They were also allowed to participate in the games themselves and compete for the prize. They were also crowned for their office. p. 357. Their work is then extensively described. p. 358-364

Romans imitated the Olympic Games. p. 43. And so on. They made them themselves more abundant, more costly, and more beautiful than the Greeks, even in Olympia. p. 48, 49. They set the olive wreaths at a low price. They laughed at Nero. p. 49

Rome, when it was built. p. 43. Expanded. p. 64

Romulus imitates the Olympic Games. He institutes running competitions with chariots in honor of Consus, to seduce the women. p. 43. His deification was done to appease the people, who were suspicious that he had been murdered. p. 480. How Julius Proculus confirmed this. p. 481

Round amphitheater. See amphitheater.

Rudis and rude donatus. p. 248, 249

Rutumena porta, what that was. p. 400, 401.

S

Saltatio was performed in three ways. p. 90

Scaurus, his theater is described as costly. p. 68, 69

Shadow boxing without an opponent. p. 102. Also against a column, pole, wall. p. 103. Especially those who were preparing for war did that. p. 103. There was also shadow boxing against the air, as Dares did. p. 103, 104. Or against baskets filled with sand. p. 104

Naval battle game was either a single race of ships against each other by means of rowing, or with weapons and warfare. p. 205. The first was what Aeneas had his Trojan heroes do at Sicily. p. 206. Undoubtedly to keep his men busy and trained. This was imitated by the Romans, and especially Augustus. p. 214. Various locations for this were arranged by the princes. p. 214-220

Sciamachia. p. 90

Javelin throwing was done in different ways. Who the winners were in it. p. 310. Plato wanted men and women to be especially trained in this art. p. 311. Ancients and later people who were very famous in it. p. 311. See also 321, 322.

Discus throwers were undressed and oiled, and thus threw the discus naked. p. 307, 308. They had to have the strength to throw the heavy discus away, also the sense and technique to direct the throw well. p. 308. They used a rope or line attached to the hand to aim. Unskilled people were laughed at, and could easily wound or kill someone. p. 309. Those who won but received smaller prizes. p. 309. See discus throwing.

Footwear of soldiers formerly consisted of only one shoe. p. 139

Schools of gladiators, whose masters were called lanistae and the students familiae. p. 253

Amphitheater. See theater.

Secular games, rarely and how they were held. p. 74

Secutores, a certain type of gladiators. p. 250

Simonides, a lyre poet famous for making victory songs. p. 438

Slaves were not considered worthy to participate in the great games. p. 117

Slinging is said to have been invented by the Phoenicians. Why slings were used: of what they were made, and what was thrown with them. p. 311. The inhabitants of Majorca and Minorca were very famous in it. p. 311

Sun chariots among the Israelites, especially among the kings of the ancient Persians. p. 158

Sostratus, a grandmaster in the game acrochirismus. p. 87

Spartan girls also practiced fistfighting with the caestus, just as other sports were also practiced by them. p. 238, 239

Games, both practice and competitions, for which they were invented. 1. Held privately, but also solemnly, at funerals, also repeated at commemorations. Also at the reception of a royal guest. Also for the amusement of princes. In honor of the gods or their spirits. At the same time to train the youth in the art of war. Therefore held on large market or state days. p. 2. Games of the Greeks, when instituted. p. 37. Many must be considered as...

Bookmark - p. 39

... imitations of the Olympic. p. 38. Different types listed. p. 51. What things were necessary beforehand. p. 52. Different preparations. p. 75. And so on. Further preparations. p. 106. And so on.

Game masters were the princes themselves, or they appointed one or more others, sometimes of a higher standing. p. 327. After the time of Oxylus, two Eleans were chosen for it, then even more, and they were called Hellanodicae. p. 328. See Hellanodicae.

Sphaeristerium, a place for various exercises, especially with the ball. p. 80

Sphaeristicus, the one who was responsible for the ball game. p. 85

Spina was the centerline of the Circus, where the munerarius handed out the prize. p. 201

Spiritus cohibitio. p. 91

Spoliarium, the dressing room of the athletes and bathers. p. 80. Also the place where the bodies of criminals were thrown, and which served as food for the dogs. p. 264

Jumping was also a part of the games. p. 294. Divided by Seneca into three types. p. 295. Sometimes jumping was practiced without having anything in the hands, sometimes with something for support and guidance in the hands, under the arms, on the shoulders, or above the head, and these weights were called halters. p. 295, 296. Mercurialis' extensive description of this, see 296-298. Jumping on oiled leather bags filled with wine, also described by Mercurialis. p. 292, 300. See also about jumping. p. 321

Stadium, the place where the athletes could be watched without being pushed around by the crowd. p. 83

Stadiodromi ran the track once around to the meta: first started slowly, and then put foot for foot. p. 129. Then they ran fast and as if flying, which is why they were compared to the wind. They were pricked in the side for it. They ran in a straight line. p. 130. To the meta, where the one who arrived first was the winner. p. 131

Staffs were seen in the hands of the game officials, who were therefore called rhabduchi, and these staffs were a sign...

Bookmark - p. 40

... of their dignity, and that they had the right to judge. See justice. Also a sign of power and authority, to punish insolent athletes. p. 334. Also of peace, because they brought everything to peace and satisfaction. p. 339

Staffs were used by the shepherds to guide and lead the sheep: but adopted by the princes to teach them that they were shepherds of the peoples. p. 334

Bullfight in Spain on St. George's Day. p. 257

Ceasefire was ordered and proclaimed by the Greek states at the announcement of the games. p. 112. Whoever violated it was punished with a heavy fine: yet it was often violated. Spartans were accused of this, how they defended themselves. p. 112

Dust for oiling the wrestlers was brought in from different regions, but the most famous was that from Puteoli and Egypt. Nero had it brought in instead of grain, almost like Patroclus, Crater, and Meleager. p. 120, 121

Stolae or robes that were new were given to the winners in the games. p. 368. They were formerly white and clean among the Greeks, possibly with purple borders: later also painted or with flowers, and with woven-in palms. p. 369, 370

Athletes were fattened beforehand. p. 93. And so on. See at fattening. Their abstinence from sex. See copulation. These athletes also practiced quite a bit of debauchery. They were also trained beforehand. See training. (That training lasted) at least ten months for the preliminary rounds, which lasted another thirty days, and then they had to take a solemn oath over the cut-out testicles of a pig. See qualifications.

Bookmark - p. 41

Athletes (continued) ... Had to be led through the theater by the public speaker, and be proclaimed, whether anyone had anything to say against them or their submitted evidence. p. 118. They were undressed naked, so as not to be hindered, but kept a loincloth, and the clothes were placed in the spoliarium. p. 119. They said prayers, made sacrifices, and made promises to achieve victory. p. 122. They had to draw lots to be paired against each other, and for more other reasons. p. 122. See lottery.

Sybarites crowned their best cooks. p. 30

Sulla deprives the Greeks of almost all spectacles, except for the running race. p. 45

T

Tantalus was called the Phrygian Jupiter. p. 17

Taraxippus, the horse-frightener: vows at his altar by the Olympic charioteers. The opinions of the Greeks about him were very different. p. 155, 156

Tarquinius Priscus begins to build a mighty theater between the Palatine and the Aventine. He and his successors held solemn games there. p. 43, 44

Theagenes of Thasos, an athlete, a great eater. p. 49. He had to pay a fine because he had defeated his opponent with fraud. p. 350. He achieved twenty-two crowns. p. 408

Theater is the whole amphitheater, or the place where the spectators sat, also what was shown, with which a passage from Paul is clarified. p. 61. The great height and circumference of theaters can be seen on coins. p. 62. They are no longer so high now, and why. p. 64. Theaters were decorated with much sculpture. p. 64, 65. At the top they were studded with round balls or knobs, and what they were for. p. 65. Sails were stretched to break the heat of the sun: how expensive they were. p. 65, 66. Fragrant waters and balms were sprinkled over the spectators. Space and splendor of the theater. p. 66, 67. Scaurus' theater was very costly. p. 68, 69. Of Gaius Curio. p. 70-72

Thracians were a certain type of gladiators called, because they used Thracian weapons, which are also described. p. 250, 251

Thrasybulus was depicted with a cat on his shoulder, and a dog cut open, whose liver was exposed, as a sign of his function as a soothsayer. p. 461

Time reckoning is divided by Censorinus into hidden, mythical, and historical. p. 3. It got a fixed point with the Olympic Games. p. 3. Of the Olympiads. p. 31. It was different for every people. p. 32. Timaeus seems to be the first to have used the Olympic time reckoning for history. p. 36

Timocreon of Rhodes, an athlete, and a grandmaster in eating. p. 94

Titus, a remarkable location for a naval battle, where he organized a gladiatorial combat and a hunt for five thousand wild animals on the same day. p. 218

Companions of the athletes in the arena. p. 110

Preparations for the games were diverse. The first was the training of the athletes. p. 75. For this, there were gymnasiums. See gymnasiums. Lifestyle, fattening, abstinence, continuous training and shadow boxing. p. 93. And so on. More other things you see in the following chapters of the first book.

Show horses in the Circus, who either pulled the chariots of the gods, or were beautifully decorated and crowned, led back and forth in honor of the sun. p. 157

Trumpet blast was a sign for the start of the chariots in the Circus. p. 185

U

Ulysses, is honored with a competition in honor of his return. p. 2

Proclaimers. See public speakers.

Unctuarium. The anointing place for those who were to compete or bathe. p. 80

V

Homeland of the winner in the games considered itself honored and crowned by him, because it could produce such brave men. p. 440 ff. Therefore, it also solemnly retrieved the winner with much pomp, splendor, and cheering, and by breaking down the city walls, as if they were now useless, and the gates too small for such a hero. p. 444 ff. This entry happened with various ceremonies. p. 447-451

Fathers who died of joy when they saw their sons win in the games. p. 427, 428

Venatio. p. 266

Venus, why called Murcia. p. 199

Bookmark - p. 43

Perpetuation of the winners is carefully limited by Tertullian to a prolongation of their memory. p. 465

Deification was usually only granted to those who had died, but this rule was sometimes violated. p. 474 ff. Deification was called consecratio among the Romans, of Romulus, etc. p. 480. The way it was done, described by Oudanus. p. 481 ff.

Vespasian thinks in his illness that he will soon become a god. p. 481

Foals were also used for the chariot races. p. 152

Four-horse teams always excelled above the others, and were eventually almost only mentioned and used. p. 199, 160

Pentathlon, why so named. p. 316. It had five different parts. See 317-322. Winners in this part. p. 322, 323

Fingering, interlocking. p. 90

Pointing was an honor to the winners in the games, but was also considered a shame. p. 431

Meat was used for the fattening of the athletes, namely of goats, pigs, cattle, etc. Some think that it was mostly from the hindquarters. p. 95

Flies were chased away during the games. p. 114. By sacrificing to Jupiter the fly-driver. p. 115. See Jupiter.

Vociferatio, what that was. p. 90

Foot runners. See runners.

Volutatorium, a game, possibly the same as pancratium. p. 290

Privileges or publica privilegia of the game winners were diverse, which are also listed.

Votivi, games held without a fixed date. p. 74

Gluttony of the athletes who were fattened. p. 96, 97. They were sometimes forced to do so. Caused many and serious problems. p. 97

Free people were only admitted to the great games. p. 117.

Women were forbidden to come to the Olympic Games, not even past the river Alpheus, on pain of being thrown from Mount Typaeus. p. 113. That law was instituted because of the nakedness of the athletes. Only Pherenice was an exception to this, and ...

Bookmark - p. 44

... why. p. 113. Also the priestesses of Ceres. Furthermore, this law was violated more often. p. 114. Women, especially Macedonian, participated in the Olympic races and drove Epirian horses. p. 148

Fists are innate, the easiest weapons, and beautifully called arma antiqua by Lucretius. p. 224

Fistfight can be considered a kind of wrestling, and was introduced into the Olympic Games later than the actual wrestling. p. 223. It was distinguished into a pure fistfight with the hand and balled fists, or one in which the hand was armed with certain protective and offensive means. p. 223. The pure fistfight was also practiced earlier. p. 224, 225. The other was invented later, and for that the caestus were used. See caestus.

Fist law of drunken and angry people appointed as a referee in conflicts. p. 224

Fistfighters had to be heavy, which is why they were fattened like lazy pigs in the gymnasium: they were provided with equal caestus: they were put together, and stood upright with outstretched arms. p. 232, 233. They hit each other cruelly, in which technique also played a role. p. 233. They directed their blows especially at the mouth, face, ears, chest, loins, and ribs. p. 234. They seriously wounded each other. p. 235. The weaker tried to hold out. p. 235. The loser gave a sign, either verbally, or by giving up, or by stretching and letting down their arms and hands. p. 236, 237. See also about fistfights. p. 321. Fistfighters who won were highly praised and glorified, and also received beautiful prizes, namely gifts, and also a beautiful woman. p. 240

W

Charioteers in the Circus draw lots for their place. p. 179. They waited for the fall of the starting gate and the starting signal. p. 180. That was the throwing of the mappa. p. 184. The trumpet and clarion call. p. 185. They departed to loud cheering and applause from the people. p. 186.

Bookmark - p. 45

They first started to drive slowly, then faster, and why. p. 188. Each tried to be the first, also to overtake those who were in front, and to somehow eliminate each other. p. 191, 192. They had to be careful when turning around the meta. p. 194, 195. They only had victory after the seventh round. p. 196, 197

Chariots that were used in the Olympic Games, what they were called. p. 145. By whom they were invented and formerly used. p. 146. In Olympia they were usually pulled by four horses, which were harnessed side by side. When they were introduced and restored. p. 147. Two-horse teams were introduced later. p. 147. But already used by Cynisca. p. 148. Nero introduced ten-horse teams. p. 148. Chariots with four-horse teams, what they looked like. p. 160

Chariot racers also had to wait for the starting signal, which they received by the falling of the chain. Their race was comparable to the dolichos-run, and they had to go around the turning pole multiple times. Although there were two ends outside the track, far from each other. p. 154. They made vows at the altar of Taraxippus. p. 155, 156. Their different factions. p. 168. See factions.

Chariot races were a special amusement for the Roman people. p. 201 ff.

Staying awake was required for some competitions. p. 99

Walking, a kind of game. p. 88

Weapons of the hoplitodromi were: 1. Shields, which were adopted in the time of Demaratus. 2. Chest weapons, breastplates, and complete harnesses. 3. Helmets. 4. A certain kind of shoes that were called endromides. p. 138, 139

Running race, one of the most important Olympic parts. p. 88

Runners lined up at the starting place that was called balbis and apheteria, also canon, linea, regula, linea alba. p. 126. Waiting for the hysplenx or starting gate to fall, and the trumpet blast. p. 127. They stormed out of the carceres with horses and chariots. p. 128. Whoever hit the meta first had to go back into the arena against the next one, and so on again and again. p. 131. They tried to get ahead, also to overtake those who were in front, and to somehow eliminate each other. p. 140. They sometimes used a trick, despite the oath they had taken. p. 141

Soothsayers formerly used goats, lambs, calves for their art, which they sacrificed and examined, to which those from Cyprus added the pig, and Thrasybulus also the dog. p. 461

White voting stone was given to the winners in the games. p. 366. It was white to ensure the winner of the victory and the prize, since the white color symbolized victory and prosperity. But some doubt whether such a stone was actually given. p. 367

Wound healers in the gymnasiums. p. 86

Bookmark - p. 46

Discus throwing was a game of very ancient origin. p. 302. A description of it is given by Eustathius and Ammonius. p. 303. The discus and the solos that were thrown are distinguished in shape by some. p. 304. The discs, both of stone and of iron, were very heavy, and sometimes their weight was increased above normal. p. 306, 307. See discus throwers.

Wrestlers, after undressing, were oiled with ceroma, a mixture of oil, dust, and wax, also called haphe. p. 120. One can also distinguish ceroma from haphe. p. 121. What each ingredient was for. p. 121. Wrestlers had to have heavy bodies. p. 276. Their names. p. 278

Wrestling was one of the parts of the pentathlon: it happened in the dirt and dust, etc. p. 319-321

Wrestling is related to fistfighting. p. 275. It was a very old game, also played by gods and heroes, and introduced early into the Olympic Games. p. 276. It was twofold, namely upright and throwing down, both of which are clearly described. p. 278-281. Great skill was needed in this wrestling. p. 281. Different techniques that played a role in it. p. 282-284. The victory consisted of throwing down the opponent, but that had to happen three times. p. 284-286. Prizes for the winners were gifts and a beautiful woman. p. 287

Rubbers in the gymnasiums, who they were. p. 85

X

Xanthias, a master in the gymnasiums. p. 84

Xystarchus, who he was in the gymnasiums. p. 84. He hit the students hard with a stick and rod if they misbehaved. p. 336.

Xysti or xysta, covered galleries in the palaestra. p. 81

Z

Seat builders had to take care of the Ceres festivals, and also often of the funeral games. p. 111

Note: Due to the accuracy of the typesetter and the proofreader, the benevolent readers will encounter few and only minor typographical errors, which will be easy to recognize and correct. Only we must let the reader know that the words on page 76, line 23, starting with "Zo zegt Isocrates" up to page 77, line 11, ending with "2 Petr. 28 14." have been included in the work itself by mistake, while they should have been at the bottom with smaller letters, because they are not words from the hand of Mr. Antonides, but from him who has added some short remarks. On the other hand, what is on pages 44, 182 and 287 belongs to the work itself, and must be attributed to Mr. Antonides.